In 1823, President James Monroe issued what came to be called the Monroe Doctrine, warning European powers from intervening in the affairs of the western hemisphere in order to prevent threats to American trade and national security (USA: Bill of Rights Institute 2021).

After a series of conflicts in the 1990s UN members endorsed what became known as the responsibility to protect (R2P) doctrine, which states that countries have a fundamental sovereign responsibility to protect their citizens (USA: World101, 2022).